Winter Reflections

"I dream my painting and I paint my dream."

- Vincent van Gogh

Beth Chatto's water garden at Elmstead Market

Winter is certainly a time for dreaming - and reflecting on events and impressions over the past year.

Neatly labelled plants at Beth Chatto's
garden centre

It was a kind of pilgrimage for us to finally arrive at the former home of that doyenne of English gardening style, Beth Chatto.

We were on our way to visit Christina's cousin in Suffolk, having braved the M25 for the first time in 14 years, and reckoned this might be our one and only chance to see the famous gardens and plant centre at Elmstead Market.

Gravel-loving succulents to tempt the eye

An eye-catching display of echeverias and sedums was almost the first thing to greet us on arrival at the garden centre...

What better use for all those ancient, spider-infested terracotta pots we'd been hoarding?

They might be useless for thirsty seedlings, but for designer-succulents sunk in gritty compost they are absolutely perfect!  We chose a few in 'hommage' to Beth's inspirational book on gravel gardening and have brought them home to admire through the winter.

Clockwise from top left:
Hebe pagei; Sedum Cape Blanco; Sedum dasyphyllum;
Raoulia australis lutescens group;
and (centre) Limonium bellidifolium

For the time being, we've grouped these together in an old copper pan, to complement its bluey-green verdigris; but later we can transplant any offshoots into individual clay pots and make another display.

Despite an icy autumn wind blowing off the North Sea, we enjoyed strolling through Beth's garden centre which is zoned into different areas, providing a short-cut for those of us with a particular soil type. Her restaurant and tea room are warmly recommended as a culinary haven on a cold day!

Archetypal 'prairie planting' at the Beth Chatto gardens

Inspiration comes almost subconsciously from visiting gardens, looking at artfully arranged photo-shoots in magazines and from certain historical styles such as the parterre... 

Part of the Cherry Garden at Ham House, London,
with statue of Bacchus as a centrepiece

All that careful clipping of santolina, lavender and box would be a near impossible task for the amateur; but with battery-operated cutters it's not unfeasible to create something on a smaller scale.

It demonstrates in a very striking way the appeal of repeated design and understated colour, allowing light to be paraded as form.

Polianthes tuberosa -
a heady scent from times past

Andrea volunteers as chief propagator at Ham House (run by the National Trust) and is always on the lookout for plants which would have been known in the 17th century when the gardens were laid out.

On our tour she showed us this statuesque lily-like flower being grown in a pot. Known as the 'tuberose' and used for centuries in perfumery, it's not a rose at all but a tuber related to agaves, native to Mexico and producing clusters of waxy flowers on spikes up to 45cm long.

Its fragrance is unforgettable and I've looked up a supplier online as it's unlikely to appear in a garden centre around here.

Classic ochre pots, tastefully
displayed at Petersham Nurseries

Walking back down the Thames towpath from Ham, Andrea took us on a detour to Petersham Nurseries... not just a plant centre but a wedding venue, and not simply a cafe but a Michelin-starred restaurant.

As a thriving temple to the art of shabby-chic, it doesn't disappoint! This is a style which still thrives in parts of France, particularly Provence where there is more of a Roman influence, but has yet to make a comeback in the garden centres of Charente Maritime.

If you're lucky, these half-glazed olive pots can still be found at local brocantes - but you'll need to haggle! 

Green glazed pots as a foil for begonias

The seemingly casual displays at Petersham remind you of how important it is to match a plant to the right pot.

These dark-leaved begonias would look unappealing against terracotta, but a contrasting pale glaze shows off their colour and shape to perfection.

I particularly hate the craze for those plastic pots in fluorescent lime green or fuschia which are ubiquitous in French garden centres.

Maybe they look effective on a balcony or in a small courtyard, but in rural areas they're about as subtle as a flamingo set amongst lapwings, crudely clashing with whatever poor plant has been stuck on top!

Pots that won't detract from flowers and leaves

Romantic 14th century Scotney Castle in Kent

Somewhere which was bound to make us feel nostalgic for England and the 'Garden of Kent' was Scotney Castle.

We stayed with another cousin - Barbara - in nearby Tunbridge Wells and she treated us to a day out visiting two of the National Trust properties with photogenic gardens.

A seasonal display of plants and shrubs

As with Beth Chatto's enterprise, a real effort has been made to provide clear and interesting information for both the novice and more experienced gardener.

(Visitors ask the same questions all the time, so why not make things like plant names as visible as possible?)

Aside from the naturalistic gardens around the part-ruined castle, lake and moat, there is also an extensive nursery which is well worth exploring.

Dahlia 'Twyning's After Eight'
(with RHS Award of Garden Merit)

When we were there in early October, a host of different dahlias were coming into bloom and I have to admit that even the most garish of them look fabulous when grown en masse in a riot of colour.


If I could opt for just one, I think I'd pick this more restrained white variety with its single flowers up to 8cm across, and dark almost black foliage. Yum!

Now that Chiltern Seeds new catalogue has arrived, we're all set to dream away those long winter evenings...

November

"There is a harmony

In Autumn, and a lustre in its sky..."

- Percy Bysshe Shelley

Such a spectacular autumn this year, lasting a full month from mid-October and all the more colourful for there being so many leaves hanging onto the trees, despite a dry spell at the end of summer.

Viburnum opulus

Viburnum opulus

Also known as the 'snowball tree' for its white blooms, this was quite late in producing an array of subtle tints after many other trees had already shed their leaves.

The various types of ash growing locally were particularly vivid in their shades of yellow and we've been sweeping up leaves for the past month, filling both leaf bin and compost heap - all contributing to useful humus for future plantings.

Fallen ash leaves contrasting with the
wine-red foliage of hardy plumbago

Unfortunately we've come to the conclusion that Ceratostigma plumbagnoides, that pretty blue-flowered hardy plumbago which does so well in dry unforgiving soil, is just too invasive for our small garden.

As with many ground cover plants, it served a useful purpose in providing colour when the beds were getting established, but is now leaching both space and nutrients from other desirable specimens which need a more 'careful' upbringing. Yes, we're getting more discriminating these days!

Physocarpus opulifolius

Physocarpus opulifolius

This may well be the variety 'Diabolo', which is described as "a stunning, multi-stemmed deciduous shrub", and is not necessarily something we would have heard of - let alone chosen for the garden - until recently when realising we needed more contrast in terms of leaf colour.

Although it's said to prefer acid soil, we've planted it in quite a chalky area and it's still thriving after two years.

Its leaves can appear almost black or bronzy red, depending on the season; you can cut it to the ground in early spring if you want to keep it compact, otherwise it can soon reach three meters in both height and spread.

Helleborus foetidus
'Miss Jekyll's Scented'

Helleborus foetidus 'Miss Jekyll's Scented' - now here's a plant with really black foliage!

Again, I hadn't appreciated that fact when I grew it from seed a couple of years ago, as I was more intrigued by the prospect of having a perfume like mahonia wafting through the garden. (So promised my favourite catalogue supplied by those poetic folk at Chiltern Seeds ☺)

As yet the flowers haven't fully opened but the slow evolution of this statuesque specimen has really piqued my interest, especially as it's decided to bloom now when everything else is dying down.

Slow-burning Salvia elegans

That doesn't apply to the amazing South American salvias which only began blooming about six weeks ago, despite two of them being in almost permanent shade now.

These plants are usually hardy down to -6'C but it's probably a good idea to grow (and protect) some cuttings - if you can actually find any suitable non-flowering shoots!

Still turning - Acer Palmatum

Determined not to be outdone, at the other end of the garden our Japanese maple is finally putting on its autumn coat, having stayed green for an unusually long time.

Last year it went red in August, seemingly as a result of being stressed in hot weather; but now it's clearly much happier having been sunk - still in its pot - into a raised bed of deep soil.

Camellia sasanqua

In a corner of the woodland area which still gets some afternoon sunshine, we planted a beautiful autumn-flowering Camellia sasanqua given to us by friends a couple of years ago.

I think it's probably a variety called 'Plantation Pink' and we were a little disappointed to begin with as it was slow to flower, despite being potted in ericaceous compost. But, again, it seems to be proof that some perennials just need to be in the right location in order to thrive.

Although soil here is still a bit on the chalky side, we planted it in humus under the large ash tree, next to other woodland plants like foxgloves, and it has already rewarded us with a succession of blooms.

The Strawberry Tree - Arbutus unedo -
another woodland shrub, grown under the ash canopy

Viola x Wittrockiana 'Cats Mix'

Viola x Wittrockiana 'Cats Mix'

Pansies

Like these F1 hybrids grown from seed, certainly help to brighten a shady garden in winter.

Worth ordering from Chiltern Seeds!

The edge of our neighbour's lake -
showing just how beautiful grasses can be in autumn

Morning mist over the marais -
with reeds and teasels in the foreground

Two good reasons for getting up early on a cold November morning!

September

"We never know the worth of water till the well is dry"

- Thomas Fuller, 1732

A welcome sight on another hot afternoon

We did think that once August was over we'd be able to enjoy the relative coolness of September... but not this year, apparently!

High daytime temperatures have continued into another week; our 'run-off' well and the rain butt have both been dry for some time; now there's no choice but to turn on a tap and use the watering system occasionally.

At least our nights have been comparatively cool so the plants have a chance to recover, and early morning provides our best chance of doing some gardening.

Hot weather always brings out a few interesting insects and we admired this attractive and furry Oak Eggar moth resting in a window recess.

Brimstone butterfly feeding
on hardy plumbago

The pale yellow butterfly on the right is a frequent visitor in September, drawn to the hardy plumbago (Ceratostigma plumbaginoides) and other blue flowers.

My book tells me that such a "buttery yellow fly" may have been the inspiration behind calling these fluttery creatures butterflies.

(As this fellow appears green in some lights, it may in fact be a Cleopatra rather than a Brimstone... they're hard to tell apart!)

Herb bed with flowering hyssop and salvia

On the left of this picture are the cloudy pink heads of Sedum 'Matrona', which we've found to be one of the best sedums for attracting bees and hoverflies. (Its fleshy stems and leaves can look untidy, so perhaps it's not best at the front of the border.)

The rosemary you see here on the mid-right (above) is one we grew from a cutting and Christina is keeping it carefully trimmed to form a columnar shape. As we're unable to grow cypress trees here, I'm keen to find out just how tall she can get it :-)

Silvery foliage of Cerastium tomentosum and Dianthus plumarius

Plants with silver leaves withstand dry conditions very well, although they'll produce more flowers with the occasional drop of water.

We also discovered that lavenders planted in semi-shade will bloom a couple of months later than usual and their nectar seems to be much sought after by butterflies visiting us now in late summer.

Hibiscus flowering with heleniums
and rudbeckia

Hibiscus is another plant whose flowers can be delayed when it's sited in a shady area.

We were drawn to this variety with white petals, blotched with a maroon centre, and took some seedlings from a friend's garden. (It's a plant which sets seed easily, particularly in sandy soil.)

White blooms always stand out well in dark corners; here they make a bright contrast with the ubiquitous autumn tones of orange and yellow.

Our other more mature hibiscus shrubs are practically trees now, sited in the front south-facing garden, and have all but finished flowering.

Salvia farinacea 'Fairy Queen' 

Another plant which is performing well in semi-shade is this little Salvia farinacea from Chiltern Seeds which I sowed on a window sill at the end of March. When in bud, the stems look just like emerging spikes of lavender, but they soon open out into pretty blue and white flower heads.

Hydrangea 'Early Sensation' with
Japanese anenomes

Hydrangeas have suffered from the intense afternoon heat but we've tried to help them by putting a layer of leaf-mould around their roots.

They definitely prefer a shady area and we took care to plant them below the tall barn wall where other shrubs might find it difficult to thrive. As the soil is very chalky there, we occasionally have to water in some Sequestrene (chelated iron) to stop their leaves from turning yellow.

Anenome japonica 'Honorine Jobert' also does well in this border and looks rather fetching amongst the fading pinkish blooms of Hydrangea 'Early Sensation'.

Pennisetum alopecuroides 'Chinese Fountain Grass' with Rudbeckia hirta

Grasses, of course, blend happily with almost any flower, diffusing and enhancing the bold colours of popular 'prairie plants' such as rudbeckia and echinacea.

Maybe I'm biased because I love the effects of filtered light when I photograph the garden, so I wouldn't be without some kind of ornamental grass even though it can take up valuable space and look quite boring for much of the year! 

Sunny rudbeckia with Salvia 'Black & Blue', Catananche caerulea,
Caryopteris clandonensis and Verbena rigida

Christina enjoys picking a few seasonal blooms to decorate the table and I particularly liked this combination of yellow and blue - plus a bit of mauve from the verbena.

Veronica longifolia 'Blue Shades' providing contrast
to the mature blooms of Echinacea purpurea

This handsome veronica is another plant from Chiltern Seeds which I grew earlier this year and is flowering away in borders and pots.

When the sun continues getting hotter and hotter throughout the afternoon, there's only one place to go...

Surfers on the Cote Sauvage

... and with nightfall comes a cool breeze at last!

Early August

"Modest plants can mean as much to me

as their flamboyant neighbours."

- Beth Chatto

Soft early light making the crocosmia glow

When gardening in a hotter climate, it's tempting to grow as many new and exotic flowers as you can find, to establish a complete change of palette from the subtle greys and greens of the British Isles.

Crocosmia 'Emily McKenzie'
- a touch of the tropics

But, as Beth Chatto points out when talking about the merits of choosing sedums, "Too many star performers lumped together can become quarrelsome".

We've picked a few fiery colours to liven up the late summer hiatus, but they're interspersed with lots of foliage plants like silvery dianthus, lavender and cistus which provide calming cushions to rest the eye.

In fact, nearly all of our plants can grow in southeast England, it's just that the added heat and sun here makes them quicker to flower and they are less prone to disease. (Likewise, seeds are much easier to germinate and suffer less damping-off.)

An ebullient acer, underplanted with laurentia

Pests & diseases

Underside of acer leaf
with white deposit of
 Coccenille farineuse

However, there's never any room for complacency in a gardener's life... Unless you pay close attention to all plants and shrubs, even when they appear to be doing well they can be harboring nasties like this white stuff on the left.  

This inocuous coccoon-like substance, found in a leaf axil or stuck under the leaf itself, is in fact a type of mealybug which can cause great damage to outdoor shrubs as well as indoor plants. (See RHS pages for more details and information on how to treat it.)

Infected leaf of
Viburnum tinus

Here in France there's an outdoor type we've recently found infesting a mature Viburnum tinus next to the house. It took us a while to notice that its leaves were discoloured and dropping off with a kind of honeydew infection. Then on closer inspection we found those tell-tale white deposits (as on the acer above).

We laboriously picked out any coccenille and removed affected viburnum leaves, before spraying the whole shrub with Roseclear.

Where our little acer is concerned, however, none of its leaves seem to have suffered from honeydew, so I hope that removing the coccenille deposits has stopped any infection spreading.

Centaurea montana - 
another lovely seed from
Chiltern Seeds

The life-cycle of these pests is complicated and I'm certainly no expert in how to treat them, but there are a range of sprays available in the average French garden centre. We also make up our own soapy solutions for spraying against greenfly (puceron) and other aphids.

Mild winters and damp springs help promote such infestations and, even though we get plenty of wind through our garden, it's good to thin out all shrubs and hedges regularly to ensure plenty of air flows between leaves.

Etruscan honeysuckle...?

Looking at the honeysuckle on our wall, it's hard to believe it ever gets thinned out - there's been a mass of citrus-scented flowers for the past month at least!

Perfect for scenting a
whole courtyard garden

We chose this one especially for its strong perfume and neat, evergreen habit. In fact Christina is quite ruthless in pruning twice a year, keeping it a nice mounded shape at the top of the wall - where sparrows and tits can hide while waiting their turn for the bird-table.

Looking on Google Images makes me think this might be the Etruscan variety, but I can't say for sure.

Pots and containers

Nerine oleander

Although we managed to over-winter the oleanders we had in pots last year, I have to say they're not performing nearly as dramatically as this new one we bought a couple of months ago.

Either it's a different variety or the plant has been well-fed and nurtured before arriving in a certain German supermarket where we wouldn't normally source our plants. (Just shows, you can't be too sniffy about these loss-leaders!)

Our original shrubs are quite leggy by comparison, with fewer and smaller flowers; yet they were more expensive to begin with, begging the question: is it worth keeping them all winter, rather than just treating them as cheap annuals (like pelargoniums) and buying afresh each summer? 

Antirrhinum majus nanum
'Black Prince' contrasting
with the pale laurentia

Another perennial which we've put in a container is this lovely dark snapdragon, grown from a seed called 'Black Prince'.

Such velvet duskiness is hard to capture in a digital image because it tends to favour the underlying magenta, but I'm already impressed by the size and number of flowerheads on these plants, particularly as they're blooming in high summer!

The seeds (from Chiltern's) which I raised in spring were getting rather pot-bound last month, so it seemed a good idea to plant them out in the nice fresh compost surrounding our acer. In winter I shall probably move them again to a bed more suitable for next year's flowering.

Cosmos sulphureus - one of the stars in the August firmament

Cool foliage

Helleborus 'Miss Jekyll's Scented'

Hellebores can be a mixed blessing. Their flowers endow the garden with much interest in late winter before bulbs really get going.

On the other hand, when left unchecked they seed freely and their leaves turn dry and unsightly, taking up space in a border which could be put to better use.

A couple of years ago, we grew this RHS recommended variety offered by Chiltern Seeds and, although it germinated quite readily, it's taken a long time to mature so we're still looking forward to enjoying its scented blooms.

In the meantime, however, it's grown a good half meter tall and that glossy, dissected foliage has more than earned a place at the border's edge. Anything which remains fresh and green without needing lots of water is a useful plant in this climate!

Peony leaves with sedum
- foliage worth keeping

Another perennial we sometimes deride because its flowers are somewhat shortlived is that cottage-garden favourite, the peony.

Dr Hessayon's 'expert' book - our guide for many years - says to avoid transplanting them and leave the stems intact until autumn. As we've been doing a fair bit of watering this summer, its foliage hasn't withered and is just now starting to turn a pretty pink at the edges.

It combines well with the emerging sedum and gives us a quiet interlude before the starry splendours of helenium, rudbeckia and cosmos dazzle us from the island bed.

Precious fruit

Hyla arborea or 'rainette' in French

A resident tree-frog (better known as 'Froggie') was extremely reluctant to give up possession of our one and only nectarine.

I suppose its smooth, sun-kissed surface felt particularly nice and warm on his bottom because he took up the same position several days in a row.

Next best thing to a
white peach...

Once this singular fruit finally ripened, Christina actually had to prise him off in order to pick it!

Froggie has such strong suckers on his little feet that she had to proceed with care so as not to damage the nectarine, which already had a couple of suspicious holes drilled in it.

Happily it turned out to be a white variety, as we'd hoped, and tasted absolutely delicious!

Echinacea purpurea alongside glaucous foliage of Romneya coulteri